Quit Sugar Summit

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Welcome to Day #2 of the Type 2 Diabetes Summit!

⭐ Dr. Eric Westman

Dr. Eric Westman is one of the most influential physicians in the modern low-carbohydrate and ketogenic nutrition movement. For more than two decades, Dr. Westman has researched and clinically applied low-carbohydrate and ketogenic diets for obesity, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, PCOS, fatty liver disease, GERD, and related chronic metabolic conditions. He is widely respected because he combines academic research with real-world clinical implementation, helping thousands of patients improve or even reverse metabolic disease through dietary carbohydrate restriction. He is the author or co-author of bestselling books including End Your Carb Confusion, Keto Clarity, Cholesterol Clarity, and The New Atkins for a New You.
Key topics covered in this interview:

• Why fasting insulin (not glucose or A1C) is the test that catches metabolic disease 10+ years earlier, and how to ask your doctor to order it (often under $50 out-of-pocket if not covered)

• The 5-gram rule: your entire bloodstream only holds one teaspoon of sugar at any moment, and what that means for "healthy" foods like apples

• The 20-grams-of-carbs-or-less protocol Westman uses to reverse type 2 diabetes in 4 to 8 weeks, even after 20 years of disease

• Why the medical model treats diabetes with the wrong tool (drugs that manage glucose vs. diet that removes the cause)

• The history of using insulin to treat type 2 diabetes (referencing Gary Taubes' Rethinking Diabetes) and why endocrinology logic should mean lowering insulin, not raising it

• Why "pre-diabetes" is a dangerous label that makes patients delay action
The case for treating sugar like an addiction (Dr. Vera Tarman's Food Junkies, Dr. Jen Unwin's work) and why moderation fails for true food addicts

• The strategic use of non-sugar sweeteners and zero-carb foods (pork rinds, diet soda, steak) to make the diet sustainable and culturally fitting

• Why Mediterranean diet is the safe label to use when describing your low-carb diet to skeptical doctors

• How CGMs and insulin pumps are quietly enabling patient-led diabetes reversal even when doctors don't prescribe diet change

• The mind-body connection: weight loss and diabetes remission are often secondary to patients reporting their brain "came back online" (referencing Dr. Chris Palmer's Brain Energy)

• 28 years of grassroots change vs. zero change in the mainstream medication model, and why he stopped knocking on his colleagues' doors and went directly to the public

Dr. Tim Noakes

Dr. Tim Noakes is an emeritus professor of exercise science and sports medicine at the University of Cape Town and one of the most influential, controversial figures in modern nutrition. A medical doctor, A1 NRF-rated scientist, and author of more than 750 peer-reviewed papers, he ran 70-plus marathons and ultra-marathons and developed the central governor theory of fatigue. After his father died of type 2 diabetes and Prof. Noakes was diagnosed himself, he reversed 33 years of high-carb dogma and co-authored The Real Meal Revolution, Lore of Nutrition, and Real Food on Trial. In 2017 and 2018 he faced a five-year medical misconduct trial for tweeting low-carb advice to mothers and was found not guilty on all 13 charges, setting the legal precedent that no doctor can be silenced for prescribing this way of eating.
Key topics covered in this interview:

• The 33-year carb-loading legacy and the Saturday morning run that finally cracked him (reading The New Atkins for a New Year by Westman, Volek, and Phinney in two hours)

• His own type 2 diabetes diagnosis, discovered when ants started swarming his urine, and why he still takes metformin today

• The five-year medical misconduct trial sparked by a single tweet telling mothers to wean babies onto low-carb, no-grain food

• How five South African professors and the grain industry tried to end his career, and how he beat all 13 charges

• The 2025 award-winning American Journal of Physiology, Cell Physiology paper (Prins and Noakes) proving liver glycogen and muscle glycogen are independently regulated

• Why pre-exercise carbohydrate has zero effect on performance and what athletes are actually doing with 120g/hour drinks (pharmacological brain stimulation, not fuel)

• Sugar addiction as the root addiction driving all others, and meeting Christiaan Barnard's granddaughter who told him so on national TV

• The Paula Newby-Fraser story: 8-time Hawaiian Ironman champion and Triathlete of the Millennium, low-carb the entire time

• The Australian cricket team's low-carb conversion under Dr. Peter Brukner and the 5-0 Ashes reversal

• Why his northern English ancestry (sheep and cattle, no grains 5,000 years ago) primed him for insulin resistance

• His skepticism of the longevity research industry and what he tracks instead (HDL, triglycerides, glucose, insulin, blood pressure)

Dr. David Unwin

Dr. David Unwin is a British family physician based in Southport, England, widely recognized as one of the world's leading pioneers using low-carbohydrate nutrition to achieve remission of type 2 diabetes and prediabetes. He's worked in the UK's National Health Service since 1986, caring for a general practice population of 10,000 patients. After 25 years of conventional drug-first treatment, he shifted his approach in 2012-13 toward carbohydrate restriction after a single patient achieved drug-free remission and confronted him about it. He's the RCGP National Champion for Collaborative Care in Obesity and Diabetes, NHS Innovator of the Year (2016), and the creator of the famous "teaspoons of sugar" infographics that have been downloaded millions of times and translated into 35 languages.
Key topics covered in this interview:

• The patient confrontation in 2012 that ended his 25-year belief that type 2 diabetes was chronic, progressive, and irreversible

• How he built the "teaspoons of sugar" infographics to communicate glycemic load in 10-minute NHS appointments (translated into 35 languages, downloaded millions of times, free to use)

• His own type 2 diabetes diagnosis, discovered when he had the highest blood sugar in a room full of patients during a CGM demonstration

• The 93% / 73% / 50% remission ladder: why catching it at pre-diabetes is dramatically easier than waiting

• Why bread, potatoes, and cornflakes can be just as addictive as sugar (and what to do when patients can't stop)

• The clinical reframe that unlocks honest conversations: "Do you think you could possibly be addicted to carbs?"

• Professor Roy Taylor's "long silent scream from the liver", the 10-year fatty liver window before type 2 shows up on bloodwork

• Why maintenance is the holy grail (and why people relapse at the 2-3 year mark thinking they're cured)

• Continuous glucose monitors as "a policeman on your arm", the single tool changing patient behavior fastest

• Why insurance companies, reinsurance giants, and sugar-tax governments are about to force the medical system to change

Dr. Zoe Harcombe

Dr. Zoe Harcombe is a British nutrition researcher, author, and one of the most recognized independent critics of modern dietary guidelines in the low-carb and metabolic health world. After a first career in senior corporate HR roles at Mars, GlaxoSmithKline, and the Welsh Development Agency, she left in 2009 to focus full-time on nutrition research and obesity. She is the author of The Obesity Epidemic: What Caused It & How Can We Stop It, Stop Counting Calories & Start Losing Weight, the Harcombe Diet series, and writes a weekly Monday note dissecting peer-reviewed nutrition studies (now nearing 780 papers torn apart).
Key topics covered in this interview:

• The PhD finding that broke the dietary guidelines: six RCTs, only men, all post-heart-attack, 269 deaths in one arm and 270 in the other, and that's what built the food pyramid

• How Ancel Keys cherry-picked 6 countries from a dataset of 22 to manufacture the fat-heart-disease link (and why the famous Seven Countries Study found no relationship between total fat and heart disease)

• Why "eat less, move more" is mathematically impossible, and what your body actually does when you cut calories (shuts down reproduction, heating, lymphatic drainage, bone density, immune response)

• No essential carbohydrate exists, credit to Dr. Eric Westman for surfacing the 2005 Panel on Macronutrients quote

• Carbohydrate 101: monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides, and why "fiber" is just "many sugars we can't digest"

• The fasting insulin test that would catch type 2 diabetes years before HbA1c ever flags it (and why doctors still aren't running it)

• The physiological + psychological food addiction model: blood glucose spikes, gut flora imbalance (candida albicans), food intolerance, withdrawal symptoms, and the 4 stages most people don't recognize until Stage 4

• Why remission, not reversal is the honest framing, go back to government guidelines and your type 2 diabetes comes back "just like that"

• The 3-tier pyramid of change: bottom-up patient revolution, mid-tier doctor influence, and the top-tier guideline change (which only the U.S. has done, thanks to RFK Jr.)

• How fake food companies engineered sugar into every emotional moment of childhood, Halloween, birthdays, "have a lollipop, you'll feel better", and why you need a replacement crutch ready before you quit

Dr. Mariela Glandt

Dr. Mariela Glandt, MD is a Harvard- and Columbia-trained endocrinologist with over 20 years of clinical experience. From 2015 to 2024 she was the Founder and Medical Director of the Glandt Center for Diabetes Care focused on innovative approaches to diabetes reversal, with a strong emphasis on metabolic health and lifestyle-based interventions. Today she is the CEO of OwnaHealth, a virtual clinic designed to reverse chronic conditions like Type 2 Diabetes and obesity in underserved populations. It uses nutritional ketosis, doctor-led care, and AI-optimized coaching to help patients take back control of their health, while decreasing the use of medications.
Key topics covered in this interview:

• Dr. Mariela Glandt’s journey from traditionally trained endocrinologist to low-carb “rebel” after discovering the therapeutic carbohydrate reduction literature

• How opening her own private practice in Israel gave her the freedom to test low-carb and ketogenic protocols without institutional resistance

• The evolution from a wealthy Tel Aviv diabetes clinic to Ona Health’s mission of bringing diabetes reversal care to underserved Medicaid populations in the U.S.

• Why she believes type 2 diabetes does not have to be accepted as genetic destiny — and how food can reverse the direction of the disease process

• The difference between controlling diabetes with medication and truly changing the trajectory through nutrition, ketosis, coaching, and physician-led care

• Why Dr. Glandt prefers going “all in” with patients instead of easing in slowly, so they can quickly experience reduced hunger, cravings, and blood sugar improvement

• The role of family and spousal support, and why she tries to involve partners early so the household doesn’t become a daily source of food conflict

• The challenge of treating underserved patients who are not actively looking for low-carb care, but are referred by doctors and surprised by the approach

• GLP-1 medications as a useful tool, not the full solution — and why she sees the diet as essential for diabetes reversal, satiety, muscle preservation, and long-term success

• Her observation that GLP-1s sometimes “kick in” only after patients start a low-carb diet, suggesting the diet may increase GLP-1 responsiveness

• The most important early warning signs of insulin resistance: belly fat, high blood pressure, high triglycerides, low HDL, elevated A1C, and fasting insulin

• Why fasting insulin is one of the most overlooked but powerful tests — and how a high fasting insulin means the body is still in fat-storage mode even when not eating

• The teenage obesity crisis, why Dr. Glandt focuses first on getting kids off sugar and junk food, and why real food matters even before strict keto is considered

• Her sense of hope and purpose in helping patients move from more medications and decline toward energy, clarity, health, and freedom from diabetes progression

Dr. Andrew P. Koutnik, PhD

Dr. Andrew P. Koutnik is a research scientist, educator, and internationally recognized expert in metabolic health, nutrition, human performance, and type 1 diabetes. He earned his PhD in medical science from the University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, and has worked with Harvard Medical, Johns Hopkins, NASA, the U.S. Department of Defense, and the Samsung Diabetes Research Institute. He has contributed to more than 100 scientific publications and presentations, with a focus on type 1 diabetes, obesity, insulin resistance, metabolic flexibility, ketones, and cardiometabolic health. He has personally lived with type 1 diabetes for nearly two decades, giving him a rare blend of scientific expertise and lived experience.
Key topics covered in this interview:

• The critical distinction between type 1, type 2, gestational, and type 3c diabetes (and why lumping them together costs patients years of life)

• The 30-year NIH-funded trial proving even marginal glucose improvements (A1C from 8.5 to 7.5) dramatically reduce every major diabetes outcome

• Why type 1 diabetes carries a 10-fold cardiovascular risk and shortens life expectancy by 10 to 20 years

• MRI evidence in children: how high and variable glucose levels visibly stunt neuroanatomical brain development within just 4 years of diagnosis

• The rise of metabolic psychiatry and the Baszucki family's role in proving ketogenic diets can put bipolar and schizophrenia into remission

• Gestational diabetes: why the 175g/day carb minimum is built on a 60-year-old assumption that the brain requires 130g of glucose (it requires zero)

• The "double diabetes" phenomenon: how over-insulinization drove type 1 obesity rates from <1% to 30% in a single 30-year trial

• Why the fastest insulin on the market is mathematically incapable of matching carb-driven glucose spikes

• Glucose variability vs. average glucose, what athletes' CGM data reveals about what "optimal" actually looks like (20 mg/dL range vs. 100+ in type 1)

• The coming GLP-1 renaissance: why obliterating hunger pharmacologically won't fix the food environment that caused the problem

Dr. Amie Hornaman

Dr. Amie Hornaman is a Doctor of Clinical Nutrition and leading functional medicine practitioner specializing in thyroid, hormone, and metabolic health, widely known as "The Thyroid Fixer." She is the founder and CEO of the Better Thyroid and Hormone Institute, a telehealth practice serving patients across all 50 states. With over two decades of clinical experience, she developed the F.I.X.E.R. Method, a comprehensive approach to addressing thyroid function, hormone imbalance, weight gain, and metabolic issues. She's also host of the globally ranked podcast The Thyroid Fixer and creator of the Fixxr supplement line.
Key topics covered in this interview:

• Why TSH alone is a malpractice-level test, and the full thyroid panel every patient must demand (Free T3, Free T4, Reverse T3, TPO and TGA antibodies)

• The T4-to-Reverse T3 trap: how the standard hypothyroid pill can push your body deeper into metabolic shutdown instead of fixing it

• Why 95-99% of thyroid patients also have insulin resistance, and the case study of a carnivore patient with an A1C of 11.9 who couldn't lose weight until her thyroid was treated correctly

• The "standard lab value range" vs. optimal range problem (insulin under 5, A1C 4.8-5.0) and why "within normal limits" is keeping you sick

• How Hashimoto's and gluten are linked, gluten looks like thyroid tissue under a microscope, and eating it triggers an autoimmune attack on your own gland

• The Jekyll-and-Hyde reality of GLP-1s: lifesaving for severe cases, disastrous when used as an IG-influencer weight-loss hack, and the microdose protocol her clinic uses instead

• Why food noise quieting on GLP-1s is real (dopamine receptor changes) and the natural alternatives like berberine and Satiereal saffron extract

• Sleep as the non-negotiable foundation, the twin study that produced pre-diabetes in 5 days from REM disruption alone

• The "dumpster fire" principle: why thyroid meds, hormones, peptides, and GLP-1s all fail when stacked on top of processed food, sugar, and poor sleep

• The tough-love close: what to say to the patient who "can't" quit sugar (and why the David Goggins comparison is a compliment)

Dr. Mark Cucuzella

Dr. Mark Cucuzzella is a family physician, professor at West Virginia University School of Medicine, and a diplomate of the American Board of Obesity Medicine. A retired U.S. Air Force lieutenant colonel and flight surgeon, he developed the Air Force Efficient Running Program and is widely recognized for his work in metabolic health, diabetes prevention, low-carbohydrate nutrition, and exercise physiology. He's also one of the world's better-known physician athletes, with more than 100 marathons and ultra-marathons completed and a sub-three-hour marathon streak spanning decades. He's the author of Run for Your Life.
Key topics covered in this interview:

• The Air Force fitness crisis that forced him to question everything he learned in medical school about obesity and weight loss

• His own near-miss with LADA (latent autoimmune diabetes in adults), caught only because of a C-peptide test showing near-zero insulin production

• Why "fat adaptation" took him two years as an athlete and let him run marathons without relying on goos or Gatorade

• The 10-minute primary care visit protocol for diagnosing metabolic syndrome and pre-diabetes when the patient came in for back pain

• Low carb on a budget: how dollar-store shoppers on EBT cards can eat ground beef, eggs, cheese, and frozen broccoli for less than chips and Mountain Dew

• Why obesity medicine societies are "a circus of pharma" and why he chose the Society of Metabolic Health Practitioners instead

• The GLP-1 priming protocol: never give the drug on the first visit, use minimum effective dose (0.25-0.5mg), require sleep/protein/strength training first

• Homeostatic vs. hedonic vs. culturally-conditioned hunger (and why low-carb foods solve the homeostatic layer before willpower has to fight the other two)

• Why Ralph DeFronzo's data shows every diabetes medication looks like success in year 1 and failure by year 5, unless you fix the root cause

• The rural medicine reality in Aroostook County, Maine: obesity and diabetes rates matching Appalachia and the Mississippi Delta

Shanna Hussin

Shanna Hussin is a registered dietitian, metabolic health educator, author, and host of the Optimal Metabolism podcast with 26 years in the field. Conventionally trained but conventionally disillusioned, she left mainstream dietetics after watching compliant patients get sicker and after her own son's ulcerative colitis diagnosis forced her to look outside the standard of care. Today she focuses on insulin resistance, fatty liver disease, blood sugar dysfunction, intermittent fasting, circadian rhythm, and cortisol regulation, the upstream drivers behind pre-diabetes, type 2 diabetes, PCOS, obesity, hypertension, high triglycerides, and chronic fatigue. She's the author of Fast to Heal and runs a 90-day insulin resistance reset.
Key topics covered in this interview:

• Why fatty liver is a protective mechanism, not a fat-eating problem, and why "cut out the eggs and bacon" advice is dangerous backwards

• The four stages of fatty liver disease and why stages 3 and 4 are still reversible until scarring sets in

• Why fructose hits the liver differently than glucose and why kid-marketed foods are driving toddler fatty liver

• Cortisol dysregulation and the dawn phenomenon: how stress and screens drive 100+ fasting blood sugars even after 18 hours without food

• The four-point saliva cortisol test and how to read it

• Circadian rhythm as the missing piece of metabolic health, even for clean eaters who exercise

• Why blue light at night blocks melatonin and keeps cortisol pumping (blue-light blockers, light bulb swaps, screen cutoffs)

• The leptin download at midnight and why night eaters never get the "stop eating" signal

• Why 4-5 hours between meals matters as much as what's on the plate

• How a stress year (losing both parents) broke her own 6-year intermittent fasting routine, and the female-anatomy-aware fasting window she switched to (breakfast + late lunch, done eating by 3-4pm)

• The CGM as a behavior-change tool: wear it 2 weeks at baseline before changing anything

• Cholesterol pattern reading: why rising triglycerides and falling HDL matter more than total cholesterol over 200

• Why conventional doctors' hands are tied even when they want to help (jobs on the line for stepping outside standard of care)

Michelle Hurn, RD

Michelle Hurn is a registered and licensed dietitian, ultra-endurance athlete, speaker, and author who became a leading voice in the low-carb, ketogenic, and carnivore nutrition world after spending years inside the traditional dietetic system. A founding board member of the American Diabetes Society, she completed her dietetics degree at Kansas State University and her clinical internship at Oregon Health Science University. She is the author of The Dietitian's Dilemma, which documents the conflicts she encountered inside modern dietetics education and clinical practice, and works clinically with Dr. Mariela Glandt at Ona Health treating severe type 2 diabetes with therapeutic carbohydrate restriction.
Key topics covered in this interview:

• The 71-day A1C reversal case (10.2 down to 5.5) on a strict therapeutic carbohydrate restriction protocol with Dr. Mariela Glandt at Ona Health

• Why the American Diabetes Society (motto: "you deserve a normal A1C") was founded as a direct counter to the American Diabetes Association ("connected for life")

• How pharma sponsorship (Novo Nordisk, Lilly) creates a fiduciary conflict that puts sugar and carbs in "diabetes-friendly" recipes

• Why she walked away from conventional dietetics, flipping over ICU tube-feed labels at 24 and seeing the same maltodextrin, corn syrup, soy protein, and canola oil she was fed at 12 in eating-disorder recovery

• Therapeutic carbohydrate restriction defined: 30 grams or less for type 2 diabetes (up to 50g for some mental-health cases), the closest thing to a working clinical definition

• Treating ultra-processed carbohydrate addiction like alcoholism, abstinence, environment design, "nobody in your house needs sugar or flour"

• The blood urea nitrogen pattern she's seeing in severe type 2 patients: astronomically high carb intake masking dangerously low protein

• Why "everything in moderation" is the wrong frame for biochemically vulnerable people (the beer-alcoholic problem)

• Nuance for athletes vs. metabolically sick patients: carb tolerance is wildly different at 120 lbs running 50 miles than at 400 lbs and sedentary

• The eating-disorder warning inside the carnivore/keto community, and why she refuses to say "this is the only way"

• The hidden-sugar problem: teriyaki sauce, coffee additives, and gut receptors that crave more sugar even when the tongue is numbed

• Why patient education has to start with "walk me through your day", not a meal plan

 Kelly Hogan 

Kelly Hogan is one of the most recognized long-term voices in the carnivore and zero-carb movement. After reaching ~262 pounds in her mid-20s and battling recurring boils, chronic acne, costochondritis, IBS, amenorrhea, and nighttime anxiety, a physician put her on an animal-products-only protocol in November 2004. She lost roughly 130 pounds, kept it off for two decades, had three carnivore pregnancies, and breastfed for five years on zero carbs. Founder of My Zero Carb Life, Kelly now coaches thousands through eight live group classes a week, a 260-page handbook, and a YouTube channel with a Silver Play Button on the wall behind her.
Key topics covered in this interview:

• The 2004 pamphlet protocol: one side of paper (cereal, oatmeal, potatoes, pasta) banned for a full year, no exceptions, not even birthdays, and the other side (meat, cheese, chicken wings, bacon) unlimited

• The full symptom stack that resolved on animal products: recurring boils, chronic adult acne, costochondritis (mistaken for a heart attack), IBS, amenorrhea, nighttime-induced anxiety, dental cavities

• Why losing weight on diet soda still keeps the addiction alive, and the 3-day reset from cutting every sweet taste (including sugar-free gum, flavored electrolytes, and sugar-free Jell-O)

• Three carnivore pregnancies and five years of breastfeeding on zero carbs (you don't need carbs to make milk)

• How she's raised three kids without added sugar or gluten, treating fruit as the dessert, and why their brains light up to seek sweet was the thing she most wanted to prevent

• The chronic under-eating trap for women 40-80 who have dieted for decades, 800 calories a day, hardcore exercise, cortisol pinned high, and the scale won't move

• Why "de-stress your body" beats "diet harder, run faster" once the carbs are already out

• How to taper off the Standard American Diet without going cold turkey, and the oxalate-dumping risk for long-term vegans who switch overnight

• The Michaela Peterson lion-diet-to-mango story and what it revealed about adding foods back

• Why stories convert and science doesn't, what her YouTube watch-time data shows about how this message actually spreads

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The American Diabetes Society is a 501(c)(3) non-profit dedicated to empowering individuals and communities to prevent and reverse type 2 diabetes.

Their mission is a world without the burden of diabetes, built on the belief in everyone's right and ability to improve their health, and a commitment to providing unbiased, evidence-based information. 

Through lifestyle interventions, policy advocacy, global outreach, and clinician education, the American Diabetes Society is helping to redefine diabetes care, one life at a time. 

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Dr. Gabriel Cousens
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